Tag Archives: fiber construction

Rising Costs of Broadband Construction

The Fiber Broadband Association, along with its consultant, Cartesian, published its annual report on the cost of fiber deployment. The report was compiled from online surveys and phone interviews conducted in September and October 2025.

The report includes a lot of interesting statistics and trends for anybody getting ready to build fiber.

  • FBA believes that 60% of the homes in the country are now passed with fiber. There were 11.8 million fiber passings built in 2025, including 8.1 million to new locations.
  • The median price of fiber construction that was garnered from the survey was $18.00 per foot for buried construction and $8.00 per foot for aerial construction. That was a 3% increase in cost for buried construction and a 14% increase for aerial construction.
  • Labor is still the largest component of cost. Labor represented 72% of the cost of buried construction and 64% of the cost of buried construction.
  • The method of underground construction matters. It cost 40% less to directly bury fiber compared to the cost of putting fiber into new conduit. Trenching had the highest cost, at 60% more than plowing and 6% more than directional boring.
  • 92% of survey respondents saw higher costs for fiber construction in 2025 compared to 2024.

The most relevant news from the report is that 88% of the respondents expect a cost increase for construction in 2026. 62% of respondents expect a ‘slight’ cost increase of less than 10%. 26% expect a cost increase of more than 10%. 9% expect costs to stay the same, and 3% expect costs to decrease by less than 10%.

Nearly two-thirds (62%) of respondents said they expect fiber deployment costs to rise “slightly” (less than 10%) compared to 26% who expect a “significant” increase of 10% or more. About 9% expect costs to stay the same, and 3% expect costs to decrease by 10% or less. Considering all responses, 88% of respondents expect costs to increase again in 2026.

Note that the cost increases experienced in 2025 and the expected increases expected for 2026 are national averages. Responses to the survey came from 38 different states, and there was a fairly even split between urban, suburban, and rural fiber builders. National averages blur the significant differences in the cost of labor in different parts of the country. National averages also even out the differences between the big fiber builders who build huge numbers of miles of fibers, and smaller ISPs building smaller projects. The labor costs in a national survey also include projects built with prevailing wages, projects built at union wages, and projects built at market non-union wages. The averages also blend the costs from ISPs that build with employees versus those using contractors.

I have to wonder if all of the folks who plan to build fiber with BEAD grants have built in a possible cost increase for fiber construction of 10% per year. That would mean that fiber built in the fourth year might be 33% more expensive than what was built in the first year.

The report is well worth reading for anybody planning to build fiber because it’s full of interesting statistics. For example, an interesting statistic is that a buried construction crew of 3 can build around 1,000 feet per day, while a crew of 7 can build 1,585 feet per day. A crew of 3 can build 1,800 feet of aerial fiber per day, while a crew of 6 can build 4,000 feet per day. These statistics show there isn’t a big benefit from using large crews compared to using multiple smaller crews.

Another interesting statistic was drop costs. The average cost for a buried drop under 100 feet was $556, while the cost for a 500+ foot drop was $675. The average cost for an aerial drop under 100 feet was $338, while the cost for a 500+ foot drop was $400. These numbers also blend the cost of ISPs that build drops using in-house staff versus those using all contract labor.

Regulatory Costs of Fiber Construction

At the federal level there has been an ongoing battle over the level of federal regulations. The Ajit Pai FCC strove to eliminate almost all broadband regulations that were not specifically mandated by Congress. Pai referred to his concept as light touch regulation. The FCC before and after Ajit Pai believe that there needs to be some regulations in place to protect the general public.

However, there are a lot of regulations other than the ones created by or enforced by the FCC. Anybody who builds fiber networks can describe the litany of state and local regulations involved in constructing fiber. Following are the primary kinds of such regulations – and there are others in some places.

  • National and State Codes. Fiber builders must meet various national and state codes related to electricity, safety, and specific fiber specifications.
  • Safety. Work sites must comply with safety standards set by OSHA and States.
  • Permits. Most jurisdictions have a formal permitting process. This is where a contractor will specify the planned construction of the network.
  • Rights-of-way. Federal rules allow fiber to be constructed in any existing public right-of-way. However, many local jurisdictions require a fiber builder to pay fees and obtain a right-of-way agreement before undertaking construction.
  • Easements. Contractors are required to acquire an easement from private landowners, which is permission to construct on private land.
  • Financial Requirements. Some jurisdictions require that an entity that wants to cut into a street to satisfy specific financial requirements. This might mean obtaining a bond or providing a deposit before construction. There might be requirements for contractors to carry specific amounts of insurance and name the government entity as a covered entity under the policy. Some jurisdictions treat a fiber network like other infrastructure and charge property or related taxes on the asset.
  • Business License / Franchise Agreements. Some jurisdictions require anybody that wants to operate a fiber network must obtain a business license. Communities often require a franchise agreement that lists the various construction parameters and details the fees associated with building and owning a fiber network.
  • Deployment Codes. A city might require fiber to be buried in some neighborhoods. It might require handholes instead of pedestals. It might require that huts go through the same permitting process as any other building. There may aesthetics requirements for huts and cabinets such as hiding infrastructure with shrubs.
  • Locating. It’s always mandated that existing underground utilities are located before doing any underground work.
  • Public Notification. Many communities require a contractor to notify the public before construction. This might include a requirement to knock on doors and leave notices.
  • Traffic Control. Many communities require flag people or other ways to manage traffic during times when construction will block traffic lanes.
  • Site Requirements. There are often specific rules about what must be done at any site when a street is excavated. This might mean taking measures to control dirt runoff if it rains. It might mean covering construction holes for safety purposes.
  • Restoration. Most communities expect any entity that excavates in a right-of-way to restore the area as nearly as possible to the conditions before the construction.
  • Inspection. There can be government inspections required at any step of the construction process. Inspectors typically have the ability to shut down a construction site that is not meeting the expected codes and standards.
  • Mapping. Many jurisdictions require drawings or electronic files showing completed construction.
  • Licenses. Operators of heavy machinery may be required to have specific licenses and certifications. Engineers that design a fiber project might be required to be licensed by the state.
  • Environmental Studies. Local, state, or federal rules might require an environmental study when constructing in sensitive areas. The studies might look at the likely impact on endangered species or the impact of construction on sensitive waterways.
  • Cultural Review. A cultural review might be mandated if construction is to be done in areas with burial grounds, archeological sites, or fossil beds.
  • Historic Site Review. There can be a review required if construction is to be done close to a designated historical site.

The Worsening Labor Supply Chain

I’m not sure what other people are seeing, but I’m starting to see situations where a shortage of construction labor is causing problems for some ISPs. Everything I’m hearing says that the supply chain issues for materials have largely been solved but that the supply chain for construction contractors is a worsening situation for many ISPs.

To give an example, I know an ISP with a long history of building networks that recently went to bid for two projects that are being funded by local ARPA grant funding. The ISP went to its normal pool of fiber contractors, many that it has worked with for many years, and got zero responses. Nobody was willing to even bid on the projects. The ISP called and talked to a lot of contractors and then reissued the bid package a second time. This time the ISP got two bids – one that is 50% higher than rates it has been paying for fiber construction and one that was almost double.

When the ISP talked to the two bidders and others that didn’t bid, it was told that contractors already have their construction schedules filled for the next two years. The two contractors that bid a high price would only take on the work if this ISP was willing to pay more than other projects. The ISP was also told that its projects were too small and that it would have gotten a much better response if it had a project that guaranteed several years of solid work.

Another story comes from an electric cooperative. Its strategy for its electric grid, and now for its fiber network, has always been to minimize the amount of contractor labor needed by doing a lot of the work inhouse. For example, with fiber construction, the coop planned to tackle all of the make-ready and drop construction and only bring in contractors to hang fiber on poles or to bury fiber.

The coop never had a hard time finding qualified technicians because it offered decent wages for the local economy and the stability for technicians to be able to stay home with their families. It always had seen a steady stream of technicians asking if there were openings.

But over the last year, the coop has lost a number of its most experienced technicians who were lured away to higher-paying jobs. The coop also found itself suddenly unable to attract new technicians. Over the last year, there has been a total flip of the technical workforce situation. The company doesn’t know how it’s going to stick with its original plans.

At first, I thought these were local situations – but I’m starting to hear similar stories across the country. I know a bunch of ISPs and contractors who are struggling to hire experienced technicians. I haven’t seen any other bids that were double what was expected, but I’m hearing that the cost of projects is increasing steadily.

Not all ISPs are having a problem. There are many ISPs who have locked down construction firms for large grant projects or other major upgrades. It seems likely that the biggest ISPs all have multiyear contracts with contractors and are mostly able to find crews. However, even AT&T cited labor shortages as one of the reasons the company trimmed the planned fiber passings for 2023.

The ISPs most at risk for not finding construction crews are ones with small projects or ones that haven’t built fiber in a while. These are the companies that are going to be quoted the highest prices for getting a contractor if they can find anybody at all. How will these ISPs handle the cost overruns compared to the original budget?

The other concern for a lot of ISPs is the ticking clock of grant timelines. For example, many state grants require that projects get built within two years. The date for finishing ARPA-funded projects will be here in a few years. It’s looking like a lot of ISPs will be asking for waivers to extend construction timelines – but in many cases where the money was guaranteed by legislation, extensions might not be possible.

I don’t know if it is time yet to call this a crisis since there are ISPs that say they have the construction crews they need. But I think there is a growing list of ISPs that are seeing real problems arising from a shortage of technicians – and this is likely to only get worse when BEAD money finally hits the market.

 

Easing Fiber Construction

Almost every community wants fiber broadband, but I’ve found that there are still a lot of communities that have ordinances or processes in place that add cost and time to somebody trying to build fiber. One of the tasks I always ask cities to undertake is to do an internal review of all of the processes that apply to somebody who wants to build fiber, to identify areas that an ISP will find troublesome. Such a review might look at the following:

Permitting. Most cities have permitting rules to stop companies from digging up the streets at random, and ISPs expect to have to file permits to dig under streets or to get onto city-owned utility poles. However, we’ve run into permitting issues that were a major hindrance to building fiber.

  • One of my clients wanted to hang fiber on city-owned poles and found out that the city required a separate permit for each pole. The paperwork involved with that would have been staggering.
  • We worked in another city where the City wanted a $5,000 non-refundable fee for each new entity wanting to do business in the city. Nobody at the City could recall why the fee was so high and speculated that it was to help deter somebody in the past that they didn’t want working in the city.
  • I’ve seen a number of cities that wanted a full set of engineering drawings for the work to be done and expected no deviance from the plans. Very few ISPs do that level of engineering up front and instead have engineers working in front of construction crews to make the final calls on facility placement as the project is constructed.

Rights-of-Way. Cities and counties own the public rights-of-way on the roads under their control. Most cities want fiber badly enough to provide rights-of-way to somebody that is going to build fiber. But we’ve seen cities that have imposed big fees on getting rights-of-way or who want sizable annual payments for the continued use of the rights-of-way.

I’ve seen fiber overbuilders bypass towns that overvalue the rights-of-way. Many cities are desperate for tax revenues and assume anybody building fiber can afford high up-front fees or an ongoing assessment. These cities fail to realize that most fiber business plans have slim margins and that high fees might be enough to convince an ISP to build somewhere else.

Work Rules. These are rules imposed by a city that require work to be done in a certain way. For example, we’ve seen fiber projects in small towns that required flagmen to always be present even though the residential streets didn’t see more than a few cars in an afternoon. That’s a lot of extra cost added to the construction cost that most builders would view as unnecessary.

We’ve seen some squirrelly rules for work hours. Many cities don’t allow work on Saturdays, but most work crews prefer to work 6-day weeks. We’ve seen work hours condensed on school days that only allow construction during the hours that school is in session, such as 9:00 to 2:00. Anybody who has set up and torn down a boring rig knows that this kind of schedule will cut the daily feet of boring in half.

Timeliness.  It’s not unusual for cities to be slow for tasks that involve City staff. For example, if a City does their own locates for buried utilities it’s vital that they perform locates on a timely basis so as to not idle work crews. In the most extreme case, I’ve seen locate put on hold while the person doing the locates went on a long vacation.

We’ve also seen cities that are slow on inspecting sites after construction. Fiber work crews move out of a neighborhood or out of the town when construction is complete, and cities need to inspect the roads and poles while the crews are still in the market.

In many cases, the work practices in place in a city are not the result of an ordinance but were created over time in reaction to some past behavior of other utilities. In other cases, some of the worst practices are captured in ordinances that likely came about when some utility really annoyed the elected officials in the past. A city shouldn’t roll over and relax all rules for a fiber builder because such changes will be noticed by the other utilities that are going to want the same treatment. But cities need to eliminate rules that add unnecessary cost to bringing fiber.

We always caution ISPs to not assume that construction rules in a given community will be what is normally expected. It’s always a good idea to have a discussion with a city about all of the various rules long before the fiber work crews show up.

How Cities Affect Fiber Construction

Yesterday I wrote about the wish list cities have for the deployment of broadband. That got me to thinking about the ways that cities influence the fiber construction process, so today I am going to write about the flip side of that and talk about all of the ways that cities are involved in the fiber construction process. For anybody who has not been involved in fiber construction this will probably be an eye-opener. But let me preface this whole discussion by saying that the involvement in cities varies widely – some large cities can be relatively easy to work with and some small ones difficult – but generally the larger the city the more of the following processes are involved:

Rights-of-Way. Some cities require that anybody that wants to construct any utility in their city first get permission to use the rights-of-way. This process goes by various names and might be called a franchise agreement (which is different than the agreement to provide cable TV) or a right-of-way agreement. But for cities that require this, nothing else can be done until this is first approved. Some cities extract a ‘pound of flesh’ in the franchising process and may ask for use of fiber pairs or some other concession before granting approval to build fiber.

Permitting. Permitting is the process that can be the most time-consuming for a fiber builder. A permit generally requires getting approval for specific construction done at a certain time. Permit requests may require engineering drawings (something that most builders prefer to do only after the construction). Permitting can become onerous if too many permits must be filed (such as one for each block of construction), or if the permits are for short discrete time windows that can expire when there are construction delays.

Locating. Many cities do the locating of existing utilities. This is the process of marking where existing utilities are supposed to be before a fiber builder can dig up the street.

Traffic Control. Cities often get involved in traffic control. For example, they may require that parked cars are moved before construction. They might provide police or other traffic control when building on busy streets.

Placement of Devices. Many cities want approval of the placement of any hut, cabinet or other device. They may have rules that prohibit certain kinds of devices in certain neighborhoods. Probably one of the best examples of a poor policy was one in a western city that gave homeowners in a neighborhood the right to veto the placement of any cabinets. This meant holding mini-elections in neighborhoods.

Inspection. Cities generally inspect the construction process. They may inspect during the construction process to make sure that specifications from the permits are being met. They also usually inspect after construction to make sure that debris and dirt are cleared and that streets, sidewalks, and yards were returned to a clean condition. Just like any other kind of inspection, the in-process inspections often require the stoppage of work until inspectors do their job.

Paperwork. Many cities require specific paperwork to document the ‘as-built’ network. These are detailed engineering drawings that show what was built and where. Today some cities are starting to ask for electronic records instead, generally in an ESRI format to incorporate into their GIS systems.

Other Issues. Cities might have all sorts of other ordinances and rules that affect the construction process. For example, they might have a dig once, policy (something I discussed last week). They might require a fiber builder to use existing excess conduit. They might have aesthetic rules that require somehow hiding huts and cabinets.

Every one of these steps requires time, interface with city employees and paperwork. If done poorly, these processes can greatly slow the pace of fiber construction. For example, construction might be delayed until a city employee locates existing utilities. Then construction might only be able to proceed so far until an inspector approves. Or a rain delay might mess up a traffic control plan and create significant delays until that is reset. With so many different steps and processes there are ample opportunities for problems to arise. Often cities are not staffed to be able to accommodate a citywide fiber construction program and will need time to get ready.

I’ve found that cities who are active partners in getting a fiber network are usually willing to work to make the processes flow smoothly. But I’ve also seen cases where the city is a major impediment to timely fiber construction and can introduce significant delays and costs in the construction process. One function not listed is the liaison process with a city. We’ve seen it works best to ask the city to have a single point of contact to work through various issues during the construction process.